Part Five Chapter VII Free Essays

XII Mostly down his parcel of Rolos, Robbie turned out to be incredibly parched. Krystal had not gotten him a beverage. He moved off the seat and hunkered down in the warm grass, where he could at present observe her diagram in the shrubs with the outsider. We will compose a custom exposition test on Section Five Chapter VII or then again any comparable theme just for you Request Now Sooner or later, he mixed down the bank towards them. †M thirsty,’ he whimpered. ‘Robbie, escape it!’ shouted Krystal. ‘Go an’ sit on the bench!’ ‘Wanna drink!’ ‘Fuckin’ †go an’ wai’ by the seat, an’ I’ll gerra drink in a moment! Go ‘way, Robbie!’ Crying, he moved back up the dangerous bank to the seat. He was familiar with not being given what he needed, and defiant by propensity, in light of the fact that adults were subjective in their rage and their principles, so he had figured out how to hold onto his small joys any place and at whatever point he could. Irate at Krystal, he meandered a little route from the seat along the street. A man in shades was strolling along the asphalt towards him. (Gavin had overlooked where he had left the vehicle. He had walked out of Mary’s and strolled straight down Church Row, just understanding that he was going off course when he drew level with Miles and Samantha’s house. Not having any desire to pass the Fairbrothers’ once more, he had returned a winding course to the extension. He saw the kid, chocolate-recolored, sick kempt and unappealing, and strolled past, with his satisfaction shredded, half wishing that he could have gone to Kay’s house and been quietly supported †¦ she had consistently been most pleasant to him when he was hopeless, it was what had pulled in him to her in any case.) The surging of the waterway expanded Robbie’s thirst. He cried more as he altered course and headed away from the extension, back past where Krystal was covered up. The hedges had begun shaking. He strolled on, needing a beverage, at that point saw a gap in a long fence on the left of the street. At the point when he drew level, he recognized a playing field past. Robbie wriggled through the gap and mulled over the wide green space with its spreading chestnut tree and goal lines. Robbie recognized what they were, on the grounds that his cousin Dane had told him the best way to kick a football at the play park. He had never observed so much greenness. A lady came striding over the field, with her arms collapsed and her head bowed. (Samantha had been strolling aimlessly, strolling and strolling, anyplace as long as it was not even close to Church Row. She had been asking herself numerous inquiries and concocting not many answers; and one of the inquiries she posed to herself was whether she probably won't have gone excessively far in educating Miles regarding that idiotic, inebriated letter, which she had conveyed of disdain, and which appeared to be significantly less smart now †¦ She looked up and her eyes met Robbie’s. Youngsters frequently wriggled through the opening in the fence to play in the field at ends of the week. Her own young ladies had done it when they were more youthful. She moved over the door and got some distance from the waterway towards the Square. Self-appall clung to her, regardless of how diligently she attempted to beat it.) Robbie revisited the gap in the support and strolled a little path along the street after the striding woman, however she was before long far out. The half-bundle of remaining Rolos were dissolving in his grasp, and he would not like to put them down, however he was so parched. Possibly Krystal had wrapped up. He meandered back the other way. At the point when he arrived at the main fix of shrubberies on the bank, he saw that they were not moving, so he thought it was okay to approach. ‘Krystal,’ he said. Be that as it may, the shrubs were vacant. Krystal was gone. Robbie began to cry and yell for Krystal. He climbed back up the bank and turned fiercely upward and not far off, yet there was no indication of her. ‘Krystal!’ he shouted. A lady with short silver hair looked at him, scowling, as she jogged energetically along the contrary asphalt. Shirley had left Lexie at the Copper Kettle, where she appeared to be cheerful, however a short route over the Square she had gotten a brief look at Samantha, who was the absolute last individual she needed to meet, so she had taken off the other way. The boy’s cries and screeches reverberated behind her as she rushed along. Shirley’s clench hand was grasped firmly around the EpiPen in her pocket. She would not be a messy joke. She needed to be unadulterated and felt sorry for, similar to Mary Fairbrother. Her fierceness was so tremendous, so risky, that she was unable to think rationally: she needed to act, to rebuff, to wrap up. Not long before the old stone extension, a fix of hedges shuddered to Shirley’s left. She looked down and got a sickening look at something corrupt and wretched, and it drove her on. The most effective method to refer to Part Five Chapter VII, Essay models Section Five Chapter VII Free Essays VII ‘Fuckin’ shurrup, Robbie! Shurrup!’ Krystal had hauled Robbie to a bus station a few lanes away, with the goal that neither Obbo nor Terri could discover them. She didn't know she had enough cash for the toll, however she was resolved to get to Pagford. Nana Cath was gone, Mr Fairbrother was gone, however Fats Wall was there, and she expected to make an infant. We will compose a custom exposition test on Section Five Chapter VII or then again any comparable subject just for you Request Now ‘Why wuz ‘e in the stay with yeh?’ Krystal yelled at Robbie, who grizzled and didn't reply. There was just a small measure of battery power left on Terri’s cell phone. Krystal called Fats’ number, however it went to phone message. In Church Row, Fats was occupied with eating toast and tuning in to his folks having one of their natural, odd discussions in the investigation over the corridor. It was a much needed diversion from his own musings. The versatile in his pocket vibrated however he didn't answer it. There was no one he needed to converse with. It would not be Andrew. Not after the previous evening. ‘Colin, you realize what you’re expected to do,’ his mom was stating. She sounded depleted. ‘Please, Colin †‘ ‘We ate with them on Saturday night. The prior night he kicked the bucket. I cooked. What if †‘ ‘Colin, you didn’t put anything in the food †for God’s purpose, presently I’m doing it †I’m shouldn't do this, Colin, you know I’m shouldn't get into it. This is your OCD talking.’ ‘But I might’ve, Tess, I abruptly thought, imagine a scenario in which I put something †‘. ‘Then for what reason would we say we are alive, you, me and Mary? They did an after death, Colin!’ ‘Nobody disclosed to us the subtleties. Mary never let us know. I think that’s why she doesn’t need to converse with me any more. She suspects.’ ‘Colin, for Christ’s purpose †‘ Tessa’s voice turned into a critical murmur, too calm to even think about hearing. Fats’ versatile vibrated once more. He hauled it out of his pocket. Krystal’s number. He replied. ‘Hiya,’ said Krystal, over what seemed like a child yelling. ‘D’you wanna meet up?’ ‘Dunno,’ yawned Fats. He had been aiming to hit the hay. ‘I’m comin’ into Pagford on the transport. We could snare up.’ The previous evening he had squeezed Gaia Bawden into the railings outside the town lobby, until she had pulled away from him and hurled. At that point she had begun to scold him once more, so he had left her there and strolled home. ‘I dunno,’ he said. He felt so drained, so hopeless. ‘Go on,’ she said. From the examination, he heard Colin. ‘You state that, yet would it appear? Consider the possibility that I †‘. ‘Colin, we shouldn’t be going into this †you’re shouldn't take these thoughts seriously.’ ‘How would you be able to express that to me? By what method can I not pay attention to it? On the off chance that I’m capable †‘ ‘Yeah, all right,’ said Fats to Krystal. ‘I’ll meet you in twenty, front of the bar in the Square.’ Instructions to refer to Part Five Chapter VII, Essay models

Best Time to Send Email Backed By 14 Data-Driven Studies

Best Time to Send Email Backed By 14 Data-Driven Studies You probablyâ found this postâ after glancing through a few others looking for a genuine response to the inquiry, When is the best time to send email? I state it that way since loads of sources outâ there give a similar answer: It depends. Also, that answer isnt especiallyâ helpful. Soâ read guaranteed, youre going to discover the data you need in this post. Furthermore, youll additionally get significantly more. The motivation behind why you need to realize the best occasions to send email-or the greatest days-is that you eventually need more opens and more clickthroughs to get more traffic to your blog. What's more, you need the entirety of that in light of the fact that your email list is your most steadfast crowd wholl share your substance once they read it, which makes the snowball impact of more traffic, more endorsers, and more client changes. Could you getâ all of that byâ sending your messages at the best time? Its a decent spot to begin, so read this post to learn: The greatest day to send email. The best time to send email. How toâ really know when your best time to send email is. The most effective method to get more opens with overly convincing headlines. The most effective method to get more snaps with far superior messages and invitations to take action. Lets initiate with the learnin. What 14 Studies Say About The Best Time To Send #EmailSnag Your Free Guide to Finding Email Sending Times + Email Calendar Bundle Along these lines, this post is stuffed with investigate discoveries on the best occasions. In any case, similarly as with most things, what works best may shift among organizations and businesses. In light of that, how would you set the best timetable for your own bulletins? Start with the curated investigate in this post. At that point, decide your own best occasions with this guide. At the point when its opportunity to begin planning messages, utilize the reward schedule layout included, as well. Download it now and youll be en route to progress. Timetable Every Email at the Best Time With The most ideal approach to plan email is with an advertising stage worked to get your group sorted out. Furnished with all-new email combinations, that stage is . With Email Marketing from , you can: Flawlessly coordinate with your *favorite* email showcasing stage. You as of now have a kick-a$$ email stage you know and love, so why surrender it? With Email Marketing, you can without much of a stretch interface your favored email stage to with only two or three ticks. Compose click-commendable email subject lines...every time. With Email Marketing, you can utilize ’s *exclusive* Email Subject Line Tester to streamline and consummate each title to drive moreâ opens, moreâ clicks, and more transformations. Get full perceivability into your ENTIRE marketing procedure. State â€Å"buh-bye† to disconnected advertising content (and continually hopping from screen to screen). With Email Marketing, it’s simple to perceive how your email battles identify with the remainder of your showcasing methodology and rapidly make changes if important. With Email Marketing, you can without much of a stretch interface your favored email stage (MailChimp, Campaign Monitor, Constant Contact, and ActiveCampaign) to with only two or three ticks. Perceive how it functions here. Or on the other hand, in case you're prepared to attempt it yourself, catch a free preliminary. The Email Marketing Studies What's very cool about this example of articles is that the exploration changes from considering billions (indeed, truly) of messages to in excess of 20 million, from contextual analyses toâ roundups. The information is assorted, yet there are spots to interface that will assist you with sending emailsâ on the greatest days and at the best occasions. Here are the examinations: MailChimp's experiences for send time streamlining. Customer.io's examination on greatest day to send messages. GetResponse's exploration on the greatest day to send email. WordStream's exploration on the absolute best time to send email bulletins. GetResponse's exploration on the greatest days to send email pamphlets. Experian'sâ email showcasing benchmark. CampaignMonitor's exploration on the best time to send email crusades. GetResponse's gathering of the best time and day to send email. HubSpot's best time to send a business email report. MailerMailer's reportâ on email promoting measurements. CNBC's discoveries from a meeting with MailChimp's own John Foreman. SendInBlue's industry-explicit research. General tips and counsel from Constant Contact. Unique discoveries from curated information by Propeller. Also, here's the investigation: 1. What Is The Best Day To Send Email? As indicated by these investigations, organize your send days in a specific order: Tuesday: This is pass on the #1 greatest day to send emailsâ according to most of the information from these investigations. Thursday: If you send two messages per week, pick Thursday for your subsequent day. Wednesday: While no single investigation demonstrated that Wednesday was the most well known, it came in runner up a few times. I'll take note of: Some of the investigations referenced high opens and clickthrough rates on Saturdays and Sundays. All things considered, those are additionally the days when the least messages are sent. So while the open rates might be higher when all is said in done, the real number of messages opened is way lower. Only one out of every odd investigation had visual portrayals of the dataâ in them, yet you'll see it intriguing to see the closeness among the diagrams that were available. It's noteworthyâ that most movement occurs during the center of the week withâ only minor exceptions. Here's that information: GetResponse foundâ the top inbox movement occurs on Thursdays. The second most noteworthy pinnacle was on Wednesdays. MailChimp likewise discovered high open rates on Thursdays, with a second top on Tuesdays. Further information from MailChimp and Wordstream proposes that Thursday and Tuesday are the greatest days to send messages. Tuesdays get the most messages opened contrasted with some other day of the week however Saturdays may likewise be a decent day to send email for its high open rate, as indicated by information from Experian and examined by Customer.io. HubSpot found that Tuesday is the greatest day to send email, followed with a tie for Monday and Wednesday. MailerMailer discovered Tuesdaysâ win for opens, with Wednesday coming in at a nearby second. For clicks, Sundays win, with Tuesday coming in runner up. Note that since Sunday hasâ lowerâ opens, it's probable simpler to get that high of a clickthrough rate. Information from Dan Zarella and gave through GetResponse recommends sending messages on Saturday and Sunday and that it's best for the two ticks and opens. 2. When Is The Best Time To Send Email? While a large number of the examinations discovered differing results, here is the means by which you can organize your send times dependent on information: 10 a.m.: While late-morningâ send times were the most mainstream when all is said in done, a few finished up thatâ the best time to send messages is at 10 a.m. Anotherâ notable timeâ isâ 11 a.m. 8 p.m.- 12 PM: I wager you didn't anticipate that one. It would seem that messages by and large get more opens and snaps later at night. As Campaign Monitor takes note of, this is likelyâ due to individuals browsing their email before hitting the sack. 2 p.m.: It appears as though you may be fruitful by sending your messages later in the day as individuals are settling up with work mode or searching for interruptions. 6 a.m.: I surmise this bodes well since half of you start your day by messaging in bed. Before you even stand up, you're opening messages. Hello. Note: A ton of these articles referenced time zones. The large takeaway is to pick the time zone forâ the dominant part of your crowd. In case you're in the U.S., that is likely Eastern Time sinceâ that time zone covers half of the populace. In case you're a neighborhood company,â send at these occasions time permitting zone. Investigate the similitudes in these diagrams for significantly more detail on the examination. Morning between 9â€11 a.m. is certainly the best time to send email as indicated by Campaign Monitor's exploration. It would appear that there is a top at 10 a.m. Battle Monitorâ sums it up by saying that 53% of messages are opened during the workday between 9 a.m.â€5 p.m. MailChimp affirms with Campaign Monitor that sending emailsâ later in the first part of the day between 10 a.m.â€noon will get you the most opens. It seems as though the best time to send email is at 10 a.m. Shockingly, extraordinary research from MailChimp and broke down by Wordstream proposes there may likewise be a top for opens toward the evening. Wordstream saysâ 2 p.m. is likewise a pinnacle time to send email. Information from Experian and refered to through Customer.io suggestsâ a comparable way to deal with Wordstream's examination to send messages later in the day. Customer.io found that email opens are most elevated from 8 p.m.â€midnight, with a second top between 4â€8 p.m. Customer.io recommends that while it's a typical practice to checkâ email in the mornings, the vast majority are simply starting their day and may probably maintain a strategic distance from email showcasing for profitability. HubSpot looked into open occasions to discover late morning will in general get the most opens. Send messages at 11 a.m. for the best outcomes. Information from MailerMailer likewise proposes that sending messages in the late daytime during work hours gets the best level of opens. Send your messages at 10 a.m. Dan Zarella's examination, as investigated by GetResponse, recommends 6 a.m. is a pinnacle time to send messages, trailed by late at night from 8 p.m.â€midnight. 3. The Controversy Behind What You Just Read All of the examinations this post dissects referenced somehow or another that the best timesâ to send messages depends onâ your own crowd. Here's an essential statement from Megan at Wordstream: That is the counsel. Presently overlook it. On the off chance that that is valid, at that point for what reason do such a large number of studies offer similarâ information that suggestsâ sending messages on Tuesdays at 10 a.m.â will be the best? Moreover, there might be contrasts between various organizations with various crowds. Here's a correlation diagram of four unique verticals from SendInBlue: In any case, it makes sense to utilize nowadays and times to begin a

My Application Story

My Application Story I have an interesting MIT “story.” It wasnt my first choice school until very, very late in the game. I first started researching colleges to build my list in August of my senior year. We had done the campus visitsâ€"the Eastern seaboard trip to hit the Ivies, the midwest trip to hit the Chicago and St Louis schools. Nothing really stood out to me until did more research on the University of Chicago. They are weird. Really weird. I liked it a lot because it stood out in its rejection of the stuffiness and pretension of the Ivy culture. Plus, I was confident I could get in, so I decided to apply early action. My dad went to MIT for undergrad school and was convinced that I should seriously consider applying, and hopefully attending, the institution. To me, at that point, there was nothing wrong with MIT. It was just my dads school, and he was pressuring me, so naturally I resisted his influence. I agreed to apply early action here, too, since thankfully both schools have non-binding EA policies. I put off the MIT application until the very last minute, and I tried to rehash as much of my Chicago essays as possible. But man, did I perfect the UC application. I relished their Uncommon Application, which is now, ruefully, a bit more Common. My essays were perfect. I knew I would get in. I was almost certain that I would get rejected from MIT, and I let my dad know. “You should have more confidence!” “Well, they should accept more than 13% of their applicants then, thank you very much.” I got accepted into the University of Chicago early action, and life was set for me. Two days later, I was deferred by MITâ€"no big deal, wasnt even considering it. I sent my deposit and housing application to Chicago within the month of December. Except then I got into MIT in March. This complicated matters considerably. It was family meeting time, and I realized how brash my decision was. My dad didnt force me to go to MIT, dont get me wrong. He just had me reconsider. So I did. I compared lots of things, made a checklist. We visited both universities, again. The schools were pretty much tied in terms of campus culture and workload. I want to major in economics on a pre-med track, and the schools econ departments are regarded highly enough that there wasnt a significant difference. So another tie there. In retrospect, I dont know why I was so gung-ho about Chicago. Every quality of that school is duplicated at MIT, from the sense of humor to the academic rigor and prestige. It may have been the pure oddity of the application. A coinflip would have been a worthy judge. At this point I went to my teachers and counselors to find an unbiased opinion. I learned that MIT has an acceptance rate to medical school one and a half times that of Chicago. Looking over the course requirements, it became clear that Chicago is a liberal arts school with a strong science department, while MIT is a science school with a strong liberal arts department. I liked the MI T approach better. And I guess in the end, its pretty cool that Im going to the same place as my dad. I have the chance to room in the same dorm, as well. In the end, Im extremely pleased with my decision, and Chicago was very nice about my rescinding the decision. They even gave me a refund on the deposit. Slightly over a month of classes later, and Im completely satisfied with my decision. Ive never felt out of place here, which was my main concern. Ive found quite a few organizations where I fit in and can talk about my interests with like-minded people. I thought I would be surrounded by geeks and nerds all the time, but I was really surprised by how normal most people are. Of course, there are some wunderkinds, and sometimes I feel woefully average, but thats a nice ego-deflater coming out of the top rankings of my high school. Nothing to get depressed over, really. I guess its clear that this is not the typical MIT application story. From what Ive read/heard, everyone has been living and breathing it since freshman year of high school. Is it ironic or fitting that I, a legacy admit, wasnt enamored until two months before the May response deadline? Any current students want to weigh in on their stories?

Russia Is Wrought With Inconsistencies And Discord

The history of Russia is wrought with inconsistencies and discord. Flawed with unjust social constructs and plagued constantly by the dichotomous relationship between authority and the people, Russia, since it’s upbringing, had always been one step behind it’s eastern neighbors. And in this rat race to stand among the Europeans, the identity and essence of Russia was always in a state of question. As a result, Russia was constantly struggling to find it’s place within a global narrative. It was Russian philosopher Petr Chaadaev, who in 1829, wrote, â€Å"We do not belong to any of the great families of the human race. We are neither of the West nor of the East, and we have the traditions of neither.† It is a wonder that Chaadaev, in the years of such turbulent changes, was able to identify such metaphysical traits of the nation. But while Chaadaev highlights the indisputable â€Å"sui generis nature of Russia in context with the European nations, perhaps it was too presumptuous to say that this uniqueness resulted in the lack of culture and tradition from both East and West. As the three momentous periods of Russia, the formation, the imperial, and the formation of the soviet, may suggest, rather than a nation outside of East or West, Russia is an amalgamation of elements from both, existing between the dichotomous East and West. Russia before the â€Å"Russians† was a complex mix of people and culture. To the knowledge of historians, the lands were mostly comprised of disjointed clans

Ludwig Van Beethoven - 945 Words

Ludwig van Beethoven Beethoven was born in Bonn, Germany in 1770 to Johann van Beethoven and his wife, Maria Magdalena. He took his first music lessons from his father, who was tenor in the choir of the archbishop-elector of Cologne. His father was an unstable, yet ambitious man whose excessive drinking, rough temper and anxiety surprisingly did not diminish Beethoven s love for music. He studied and performed with great success, despite becoming the breadwinner of his household by the time he was 18 years old. His father s increasingly serious alcohol problem and the earlier death of his grandfather in 1773 sent his family into deepening poverty. At first, Beethoven made little impact on the musical society, despite his father s†¦show more content†¦His works of the decade from 1802 to 1812 represent an expansion of the tighter forms of Haydn and Mozart, as is apparent in the Eroica Symphony and the Piano Concerto no. 5 (Emperor, 1809), as well as in Symphony no. 5 (1808). The few works of the years after 1812 revived and expanded the more relaxed musical structures Beethoven had employed in the 1790s. In 1818 he returned to the tightly structured heroic style in his Piano Sonata in B-flat Major op. 106 (Hammerklavier), a work of unprecedented length and difficulty. The works of Beethoven s last period are marked by an individuality that later composers would admire but could scarcely emulate. In the Ninth Symphony and the Missa solemnis Beethoven gave expression to an all-embracing view of idealized humanity. In the five string quartets of 1824 to 1826, Beethoven achieved an ideal synthesis between popular and learn ed styles and between the humorous and the sublime. Judged inaccessible in their time, the string quartets have become- as have so much of Beethoven s output- yardsticks against which all other musical achievements areShow MoreRelated Ludwig Van Beethoven Essay1285 Words   |  6 Pages German composer and pianist, Ludwig van Beethoven, was born December 1770 and spent most of his life in Vienna, Austria. His first teacher was his alcoholic father, who worked as a musician at the Court of Bonn. Teaching him day and night, Ludwig suffered from his fathers harsh and erratic behavior. For a time, he and his father played at the Church. As his fathers alcoholism increased, Ludwig became the main musician. Beethovens talents were discovered at an early age, and he was sentRead MoreThe Music Of Ludwig Van Beethoven900 Words   |  4 PagesLudwig van Beethoven All throughout music history lived many composers that have impacted not only the societies in which they have lived in, but modern-day society as well. These particular composers have given many societies the chance to listen, feel and express themselves through music and instruments that were invented centuries ago that still remain essential components of music today. One example of a composer that changed the music world drastically was a man by the name of Ludwig van BeethovenRead MoreThe Talent Of Beethoven By Ludwig Van Beethoven1331 Words   |  6 PagesMany of my family members along with some family friends suffer from an extreme lack of hearing just like one of the greatest composers of all time, Ludwig van Beethoven. However, my family members and family friends are not musicians. The talent of Beethoven is very inspiring for not only the deaf, but for other people as well. He created most of his music while suffering from hearing loss which seems to be quite impossible , but somehow he managed to do it. Though his music is without a doubt unbelievablyRead MoreEssay on Ludwig Van Beethoven1148 Words   |  5 Pagesthe people on it as a whole, you see that there are very few influential people whose actions or opinions strongly influence the course of events. Ludwig Van Beethoven, a German musician, is one of those very few. He was an extraordinary musician that lived through hardship and had the horrific fate of deafness, any musician’s worst nightmare. Beethoven left a wall standing in history that captured the art of sounds and worked it beyond imagination into music so fragile and pure yet onerous, unableRead MoreThe Music Of Ludwig Van Beethoven1408 Words   |  6 PagesLudwig van Beethoven When I was 7 years old, my parents signed me up for music school. I did not want to go to music school, but they wanted me just to try. In first class we were just listening classical music and it really sounded boring. But when Beethoven’s fifth symphony came on, I fell in love with classical music and I wanted to study it even more. My sister was also in musical school and she played piano and when I came back from school, I was begging her to play me some of Beethoven’s piecesRead MoreThe Music Of Ludwig Van Beethoven1600 Words   |  7 PagesLudwig van Beethoven is known for much of his musical accomplishments. One of his most famous is that he is deaf and yet one of the best musical composers of the classical and romanic area. Beethoven has always been one of my personal favorite composers. When I grew up and started taking piano, Beethoven s Fur Elise was my first large classical piece. Ever since that point on I insisted that when we were in Germany we see his home, and that we did. 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Ludwig van Beethoven was born in the town of Bonn, Germany on December 16 of 1770. Bonn is located in western Germany on the Rhine River. Beethoven showed an affinity for music at an early age. His father, Johann, taught Ludwig to play theRead MoreMusic: Ludwig Van Beethoven1670 Words   |  7 Pagesexpressiveness music is Ludwig van Beethoven. He was a musical genius whose composed some of the most influential pieces of music ever written. During the Classical period, Beethoven’s compositions were the expression as one of the most powerful musical personalities. Although Beethoven was influenced by most of the famous composers such as Franz Joseph Haydn, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, etc. but he was also innovated new techniques that will be seen in the next music period. Beethoven built a musical bridgeRead MoreThe Music Of Ludwig Van Beethoven1701 Words   |  7 Pages Ludwig van Beethoven Music has been around a long time and is a big part of America’s history. There are many styles of music such as, Rap, RB, Jazz, Classical, Oldies and so on. There has been many great composers throughout the years, these people are legends that will stand for ever such as, Beethoven, George Frideric Handel, and Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. The one artist that I’m going to write about in this paper is the one and only Ludwig van Beethoven. Beethoven was a deaf German

Color blindness affects Free Essays

Color blindness affects a significant number of people, although exact proportions vary among groups. In Australia, for example, it occurs in about 8 percent of males and only about 0. 4 percent of females. We will write a custom essay sample on Color blindness affects or any similar topic only for you Order Now Isolated communities with a restricted gene pool sometimes produce high proportions of color blindness, including the less usual types. Examples include rural Finland, Hungary, and some of the Scottish islands. In the United States, about 7 percent of the male population†or about 10. 5 million men †and 0. 4 percent of the female population either cannot distinguish red from green, r see red and green differently from how others do (Howard Hughes Medical Institute, 2006). More than 95 percent of all variations in human color vision involve the red and green receptors in male eyes. It is very rare for males or females to be â€Å"blind† to the blue end of the spectrum. About 8 percent of males, but only 0. percent of females, are color blind in some way or another, whether it is one color, a color combination, or another mutation DESTRUCTION 2004 TSUNAMI CAUSED IN INDIA Tamil Nadu The state of Tamil Nadu has been the worst affected on the mainland, with a death toll of 7,793. Nagapattinam district has had 5,525 casualties, with entire villages having been destroyed. Kanyakumari district has had 808 deaths, Cuddalore district 599, the state capital Chennai 206 and Kancheepur am district 124. The death tolls in other districts were Pudukkottai (1 5), Ramanathapuram (6), Tirunelveli (4), Thoothukudi (3), Tiruvallur (28), ThanJavur (22), Tiruvarur (10) and Viluppuram (47). Those killed in Kanyakumari include pilgrims taking a holy dip in the sea. Of about 700 people trapped at the Vivekananda Rock Memorial off Kanyakumari, 650 were rescued. In Chennai, people playing on the Marina beach and those who taking a Sunday morning stroll were washed away, in addition to the fisher folk who lived along the shore and those out at sea. The death toll at Velankanni in Nagapattinam district is currently 1,500. Most of these people were visiting the Basilica of the Virgin Mary for Christmas, while others were residents of the town. The nuclear power station at Kalpakkam was shut down after sea water rushed into a pump station. No radiation leak or damage to the reactor was reported Pondicherry An estimated 30,000 people are homeless in the Union territory of Pondicherry. The current official toll is 560. The affected districts are Pondicherry (107 dead), Kariakal (453 dead). Kariakal is the most devastated area from the Pondicherry Union territory. Where massive destruction and loss of causalities accure. This mishap occur because of uncover stone block. Mostly fisher folk are affected due to location and distance between sea and their basti (village). Fishing peoples are Just preparing for venturing into sea and within fraction of seconds everything wash away and their boats are damaged they lost everything in terms of life and property. More than 453 people are died so far and still some are missing. Kerala The current official toll is 168. The affected districts are Kollam (131 dead), Alappuzha (32 dead), Ernakulum (5 dead). The tsunami that hit the Kerala coast on December , were three to tlve metres high ,according to the National Institute ot Disaster Management,(NlDM) which functions under the ministry of home affairs. The Tidal upsurge had affected 250 kilometers of the Kerala coastline and entered between one or two kilometers inland. Pounded 187 villages affecting 24. 70 lakh persons in the state . As many as 6,280 dwelling units were destroyed. As many as 84,773 persons wee evacuated from the coastal areas and accommodated How to cite Color blindness affects, Papers

Mind Body Wellness for Mental Wellbeing -myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theMind Body Wellness for Mental Wellbeing. Answer: Introduction: The impact of a disease on the overall wellbeing of the patient has been a highly researched and explored area of concern among the medical scientists. The impact of chronic diseases has been established to not only affect the physical state of the patient, but also have a profound impact on the emotional or spiritual health and wellbeing. According to D'Silva et al. (2012), the patients dealing with a particular chronic illness have to suffer through the process of adjusting their lifestyles, aspirations and even employment in order to cope with the restrictions caused by the different chronic illnesses. This assignment will focus on three adverse health conditions, chronic pain, morbid obesity, and dementia and will discuss their impact on the mental and spiritual wellness of the patient. The assignment will conclude with applicable mind-body therapy that can help the patients overcome the negative impact of these health adversities on physical, emotional and mental wellbeing of th e patient. Physical, emotional and mental wellbeing: According to the ancient cultural concepts, the understanding of health is not just limited to the physical manifestation of a disease. Rather, the cultural or ethnic understanding of health presents a more elaborative idea of health. According to the Ventola (2010), the construct of good health is comprised of body, mind and spirit. Each of the three elements contributes to the health or wellbeing of and individual. Integrative medicine and health psychology has now recognized the influence of the spiritual, mental and emotional state of the patients on the overall health and recovery. Considering from the point of view of human psychology, the overall construct health of a particular patient is affected by the trickle-down effect, the physical body is affected by the emotional distress. On the other hand, the cognitive health of an individual directs the thought, and the energy levels or spirit sways the thought process. When a patient is burdened by any chronic illness, there is a detrimental impact on the emotional and mental state of the different individual and along with the spiritual health of the patient is also affected. Hence, as a result of the trickle-down effect, the physical health and recovery potential of the patient is also deteriorated (Santos et al. 2015). Chronic pain: Impact on physical, emotional and mental health: The first chosen health adversity is chronic pain, which has been proved to have a marked impact on the psychological and emotional health of the different individuals. On a more elaborative note, it has to be mentioned that chronic pain has a unique pathology. According to Mller et al. (2017), this kind of pain facilitates alterations throughout the nervous system of the patient, which in most cases, worsens over time. Chronic pain has distinct psychological and cognitive correlates; it represents a severe and separate disease entity on itself. Hence, it can be mentioned that chronic pain affects each and every aspect of human life, including psychology, spirituality and emotions. Chronic pain can be caused by various different health disorders; it can be traumatic or can be due to health conditions like cancer, osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis and many other concerns. According to Simons, Elman and Borsook (2014), the understanding of chronic pain involves complex brain circuits including sensory, emotional, cognitive, and interoceptive processing. Hence the impact of chronic pain is high on the emotional and mental wellbeing of the patient as well. There is a distinct link between the construct of chronic pain and depression. It has to be understood in this context that the increasing intensity of pain in the patients there is loss of functional ability. The sense of helplessness and anxiety, coupled with the consequential loss of function, can together manifest into pain catastrophising. This concept leads to immense psychological and emotional burden on the patient and prolonged exposure to pain catastrophisng can lead to severe psychotic disorders, af fecting the behavioral pattern and spirits of the patients (Linton and Shaw 2011). Mind-body therapy: In order to cope with the biopsychosocial impact of the chronic pain, there is need for mind-body based therapeutic intervention along with pharmacological or medical care plan. Mind-body based therapies act on the mental and emotional state of the patient and hence help in decreasing the biopsychosocial impact of chronic pain. The mind-body approach that can be applied to this condition is meditation. Meditation related pain relief is a very common and frequently used technique for nonpharmacological pain management. According to Hassed (2013), this mindfulness based therapy targets the cognitive modulation of chronic pain. As a result this therapeutic intervention can alter the subjective experience felt by the patient suffering from chronic pain. This mind-body therapeutic intervention is generally employed in conjunction with pharmacological intervention. However, it can be used alone as a complementary intervention as well. However, it has to be mentioned that this mind-body based intervention is associated with just overcoming the psychological interpretation of pain. This mind-body based intervention does not actually cure the pain. In certain cases, the patients depend on the alternative mind-body based therapies excessively and expect miraculous results. The impact of the mind-body based therapies is limited, and hence, on their own they cannot cure the pain. Hence this therapeutic intervention cannot be used as a long term solution (Kerns, Sellinger and Goodin 2011). Morbid obesity: Impact on physical, emotional and mental health: Another health concern that has a significant impact on the mental and emotional wellbeing along with physical health is the morbid obesity. There are various factors associated with morbid obesity and it is considered to be the facilitator for other related diseases like diabetes, cardiovascular disorders and renal disorders. Hence, the impact of morbid obesity is also extremely high on the psychosocial aspects of life. First and foremost, obesity is associated with altered body image which has a significant impact on the emotional and mental health of the patient. Along with that, the altered body image also contributes effectively to the bullying, discrimination and social isolation. According to Agrawal et al. (2015), the impact of these psychosocial factors has a significant role in deteriorating the emotional and spiritual health of the patient. Hence, a vast majority of the obese patients have been reported to be going through different psychotic disorders, especially depressi on. Furthermore, obesity management is associated with many lifestyle restrictions; the helplessness and inability to revert to old lifestyle can also trigger behavioral disorders and depression in the morbidly obese patients. Hence, mind-body based therapeutic interventions are employed in the most cases as complementary therapies. Mind-body therapy: The mind-body based intervention that can be employed in this scenario is the cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) which can help in the patient accepting their condition with positivity and optimism and work towards targeted weight loss. Cognitive behavioral therapy helps is the client understanding the impact of obesity and how to overcome it with achievable goal setting helps in generating the essential behavioral and thinking style change. In cognitive behavioral therapy, the therapists emphasizes on the maladaptive thoughts and behavior leading to different unhealthy lifestyle habits, so that they can identify it and take reasonable actions or initiatives to change them. However, the use of this mind-body based intervention has a few limitations as well. It has to be mentioned that this therapeutic intervention can only work as an allied care program, it will not target the root cause of the obesity will not take any direct action reducing the obesity. Along with that, as mentioned by Santos et al. (2015), the success of the CBT depends entirely upon the commitment of the client to the therapy, without honest efforts and complete co-operation from the client; this therapy will not be beneficial. Moreover, for the patients with complex mental health needs, the use of CBT will not be sufficient, owing to its complex structured nature (D'Silva et al. 2012). Dementia: Impact on physical, emotional and mental health: Dementia can be considered as one of the key degenerative disorders that disrupts the quality of life among the elderly populations. The impact of dementia is associated with the practical effects of the condition. Even the diagnosis of dementia has a huge impact on the social and personal life of the patient. It has to be mentioned that dementia alters the living experience of the patient by altering their ability to feel, think and respond properly. Along with that, it has to be mentioned that the restrictions posed by the disease social isolation, depression and even self imposed isolation (Lawrence et al. 2012). Mind-body therapy: The use for mindfulness based cognitive therapy can be applied as a complementary therapy for patients struggling with dementia (Vasse et al. 2012). This alternative mindfulness based approach integrates the concepts of mindfulness based meditation and cognitive behavioral therapy. It helps the dementia patients to change the manner that they feel about their experiences and the struggles, by instilling thoughts of positivity and optimism. According to Boersma et al. (2015), this therapeutic intervention helps in enhancing their ability to pay attention to their thoughts and feelings and helps them pay attention to formulate well articulated response to the issues that they face. However, the only flaw in this therapeutic intervention is the lack of direct result on the direct manifestations of the disease; the therapeutic intervention does nothing to slow down the progress of the disease as well. As argued by Wang et al. (2012), on the other hand, the mindfulness based cognitive therapies have a complex structured nature as well, which can be a stressful burden on the patients with severe dementia or co-occurring disorders. Conclusion: The patients that are dealing with a chronic illness grieve regarding their predicaments before they can try to adjust to it. In many cases the overwhelming grief has a profound detrimental effect on the emotional and mental health of the patients. In many cases, the patients have been reported to develop different mental and behavioral disorders as a result of the unattended grief. Hence, it is very important for the health professional to design a care plan that is integrative of the emotional and mental wellbeing as well, instead of just focusing on the physical health or wellbeing of the patients. Hence, the need for mind-body based interventions is crucial. This article has illustrated three different health adversities and their impact on mind-body health and wellbeing, followed by mind-body based interventions targeted for each adversity with critically reviewing the benefits and possible limitations. References: Agrawal, P., Gupta, K., Mishra, V. and Agrawal, S., 2015. The psychosocial factors related to obesity: a study among overweight, obese, and morbidly obese women in India.Women health,55(6), pp.623-645. Boersma, P., van Weert, J.C., Lakerveld, J. and Dres, R.M., 2015. The art of successful implementation of psychosocial interventions in residential dementia care: a systematic review of the literature based on the RE-AIM framework.International psychogeriatrics,27(1), pp.19-35. D'Silva, S., Poscablo, C., Habousha, R., Kogan, M. and Kligler, B., 2012. Mind-body medicine therapies for a range of depression severity: a systematic review.Psychosomatics,53(5), pp.407-423. Hassed, C., 2013. Mind-body therapies: Use in chronic pain management.Australian family physician,42(3), p.112. Kerns, R.D., Sellinger, J. and Goodin, B.R., 2011. Psychological treatment of chronic pain.Annual review of clinical psychology,7, pp.411-434.. Linton, S.J. and Shaw, W.S., 2011. Impact of psychological factors in the experience of pain.Physical therapy,91(5), pp.700-711. Mller, R., Landmann, G., Bchir, M., Hinrichs, T., Arnet, U., Jordan, X. and Brinkhof, M.W., 2017. Chronic pain, depression and quality of life in individuals with spinal cord injury: Mediating role of participation.Journal of rehabilitation medicine,49(6), pp.489-496. Santos, T., de Matos, M.G., Simes, C. and Machado, M.D.C., 2015. Psychological well-being and chronic condition in Portuguese adolescents.International Journal of Adolescence and Youth,20(3), pp.334-345. Simons, L.E., Elman, I. and Borsook, D., 2014. Psychological processing in chronic pain: a neural systems approach.Neuroscience Biobehavioral Reviews,39, pp.61-78. Vasse, E., Vernooij?Dassen, M., Cantegreil, I., Franco, M., Dorenlot, P., Woods, B. and Moniz?Cook, E., 2012. Guidelines for psychosocial interventions in dementia care: a European survey and comparison.International journal of geriatric psychiatry,27(1), pp.40-48. Ventola, C.L., 2010. Current issues regarding complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) in the United States: part 1: the widespread use of CAM and the need for better-informed health care professionals to provide patient counseling.Pharmacy and Therapeutics,35(8), p.461. Wang, H.X., Wahlberg, M., Karp, A., Winblad, B. and Fratiglioni, L., 2012. Psychosocial stress at work is associated with increased dementia risk in late life.Alzheimer's dementia: the journal of the Alzheimer's Association,8(2), pp.114-120.

Dance Discourse Community Essay Essay Example

Dance: Discourse Community Essay Essay On May 13, 2016, was my last appearance dancing on stage performing in front of 550 people. I go back to this moment and realize, wow was I really in a discourse community this entire time of my high school career. A discourse community â€Å"testifies to the increasingly common assumption that discourse operates within conventions defined by communities, be they academic disciplines or social groups.† We’re living in a society where possibilities are endless.There’s greatness in every individual; however, one must realize that greatness requires a lot of dedication, sacrifices, resilience, and perseverance. I successfully uphold my role in a discourse community of high school dance drill team. Having the opportunity to express my discourse community within these three essential qualities, gives you a great amount of essence to flow into my mindset of my discourse community and why it dominates me as a person. Dance has transformed me into a leader during my high school years to express a quality of overcoming obstacles of being an inexperienced dancer, advanced terminology and expanding my learning qualities. Have you ever been in a community, or didn’t know 100% sure if you were in a community and asked yourself do you really have the necessary tools to possess qualities in this community? Well these were the numerous of thoughts that were going through a maze in my brain as I joined my community.As a freshman in high school, I tried out for the Illusions Dance Team. It was an exciting time for me, I worked diligently so that I can be part of an extraordinary organization. Although, I worked hard daily, there were dancers who had extensive training, such as ballet and gymnastics. These students started training at the age of 5 years old. They had a tremendous amount of experience. I had no prior professional training. However, I was determined to perform well. On the dance team, I had the opportunity to become an officer. We will write a custom essay sample on Dance: Discourse Community Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Dance: Discourse Community Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Dance: Discourse Community Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer

AP Spanish Literature Figuras Retóricas Essays

AP Spanish Literature Figuras Retà ³ricas Essays AP Spanish Literature Figuras Retà ³ricas Paper AP Spanish Literature Figuras Retà ³ricas Paper Essay Topic: Literature aliteracià ³n Alliteration is a stylistic literary device identified by the repeated sound of the first consonant in a series of multiple words. Allen ate apples awkwardly. hipà ©rbole A hyperbole is an extreme exaggeration used to make a point. I literally died. metfora A metaphor is a figure of speech that identifies something as being the same as some unrelated thing for rhetorical effect, thus highlighting the similarities between the two. Freddie is a pig when he eats. onomatopeya the use of imitative and naturally suggestive words for rhetorical, dramatic, or poetic effect. Boo! personificacià ³n Personification is a figure of speech where human qualities are given to animals, objects or ideas. It is the opposite of a metaphor but is very similar. In the arts, personification means representing a non-human thing as if it were human. The fire ran wild. sà ­mil a figure of speech involving the comparison of one thing with another thing of a different kind, used to make a description more emphatic or vivid Im as brave as a lion anfora Anaphora is the repetition of a certain word or phrase at the beginning of successive lines of writing or speech. I have a dream that I have a dream that antà ­tesis Antithesis is used in writing or speech either as a proposition that contrasts with or reverses some previously mentioned proposition, or when two opposites are introduced together for contrasting effect. Thats one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind apà ³strofe an exclamatory passage in a speech or poem addressed to a person that is not present. Twinkle twinkle little star, how I wonder what you are, up above the world so high, like a diamond in the sky. circunlocucià ³n o perà ­frasis Circumlocution is a long, complicated word which means a long, complicated way of expressing something. To cut to the chase, circumlocution means to beat around the bush. The edge of a colossal jungle, so dark green as to be almost black, fringed with white surf, ran straight, like a ruled line, far, far away along a blue sea whose glitter was blurred by a creeping mist. The sun was fierce, the land seemed to glisten and drip with steam. elipsis enumeracià ³n An enumeration is a complete, ordered listing of all the items in a collection. Get eggs, rice, cheese, butter and milk please. eufemismo a mild or indirect word or expression substituted for one considered to be too harsh or blunt when referring to something unpleasant or embarrassing. Passed away in place of died gradacià ³n scale first ____ then ____ hipà ©rbaton an inversion of the normal order of words, especially for the sake of emphasis, as in the sentence. This I must see asà ­ndeton the omission or absence of a conjunction between parts of a sentence. I came, I saw, I conquered. cacofonà ­a Refers to the use of words with sharp, harsh, hissing and unmelodious sounds primarily those of consonants to achieve desired results. Twas brillig, and the slithy toves Did gyre and gimble in the wabe; All mimsy were the borogoves,an And the mome raths outgrabe. epà ­teto An adjective or phrase expressing a quality or attribute regarded as characteristic of the person or thing mentioned. Sailing across the wine-dark sea to men. metonimia A figure of speech in which a thing or concept is called not by its own name but rather by the name of something associated in meaning with that thing or concept Friends, Romans, countrymen, lend me your ears. paradoja A paradox is a statement that apparently contradicts itself and yet might be true. I must be cruel to be kind. polisà ­ndeton he use of several conjunctions in close succession, especially where some could otherwise be omitted He ran and jumped and laughed for joy. sinà ©cdoque a figure of speech in which a term for a part of something refers to the whole of something, or vice versa. She organized her life around the little yellow ball. (tennis ball) sinestesia technique adopted by writers to present ideas, characters or places in such a manner that they appeal to more than one senses like hearing, seeing, smell etc. at a given time. The word would fill her mind for a few minutes with a single color: not an unpleasant sensation but still an intrusion Patriarch: Brown, she thought, a temple of a word, a shiny red brown, like the surface of a chestnut. retruà ©cano A pun. The two pianists had a good marriage. They always were in a chord.

The impacts of events Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The impacts of events - Assignment Example Tourists’ focus then started to shift with the advancements in the event industry. As event planners came into the picture they realized that the tourism industry needed social events which lead to the event tourism industry (Lim & Lee, 2006). People usually travel to destinations for leisure and relaxation purposes but there are also people who travel to destinations for the purpose of business meetings, conferences, workshops and other similar social events. This movement of people has given rise to the event tourism industry (WTO, 1995). Events and tourism now go hand in hand, and so one without another seems incomplete. The perfect way to describe tourism would be to say that it takes a systematic planning process along with development and marketing of special events and festivals as tourist attractions (Kreag, 2001). These events are usually organized after looking at the behavior of tourists and the things which attract them towards a destination. Moreover, tourism mana gement aims at event tourism at complete utilization of the capabilities of events so as to attain overall tourism development. Event tourism also includes the research on people’s travelling motives which can be characterized as cultural, prestigious, physical, social and interpersonal motives and are pleased by diverse and unusual events. The Worlds Expo 2010, organized in Shanghai, China, was a similar event which was organized to seek attention of the world and to increase tourism prospects in China. It was a 184 days event which was eyed by the whole World. There are many credits given to the World Expo (2010) and so it was able to positively engage the world to China. China as a country has a history of hosting such events, but the Expo 2010 proved to be the best one indeed and was referred to as an event having its class apart. The standards set by the World Expo 2010 are very difficult to break by any other World Event such as this one. Socio - Cultural impact of the World Expo 2010 A country which has a good image in terms of social events just is more likely to make itself the spot for tourist attraction. The expected impacts of the Worlds Expo 2010 were positively seen on the host country, as through holding social events like these, a host country or the destination is able to make its own standing and create its brand image (Emma H. Wood, 2005). Also, since the country becomes famous for its culture and infrastructure, its resorts also become famous and many companies start holding their annual meetings and other conferences in that country, magnetizing more and more people towards it (Allen, 2009). Similarly, China had many benefits because of the World Expo, as the event was remarkably successful and attracted many countries towards it and the more a country is able to attract tourists, the more it is able to raise its finances through tourism (Solberg & Preuss, 2007). China has now become one of the best host countries, because of the im pression it created in front of the whole world, without the itinerary of such events, tourism is held incomplete (Henderson, 2006). Such events are not only created for revenue generation or for economic benefits but are also created to highlight the social culture of the country. These socio-cultural impacts go a long way to

The different types of buisness in the UK Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The different types of buisness in the UK - Essay Example Else, they do not run the day-to day operations of their businesses. The latter approach has the owners of the businesses simply as shareholders. In this case they own business shares. Salaried directors see to the operations of the business and further, still the organisations of businesses may be publicly run by the state. There are two major sectors in the U.K; private and public sectors. However, most business organisations are owned privately in U.K .The individual owners are usually referred to as entrepreneurs and all the risks associated with running the businesses lay on these individuals. Often, the most popular types of private-business ownerships include; partnerships, sole proprietors, public and private limited companies. There are also less common kinds of business that also fall under this category of private businesses (These are; cooperatives and franchises). Partnerships have two or more persons being in a joint ownership of the business organisation. Sole proprietorship, on the other hand is the smallest business type and it’s owned and run by a single person. Public limited companies is the biggest type of privately owned organisation and private limited companies consist of the most minute incorporate business enterprises. Cooperatives emanate from a group of persons together operating as well as sharing gains and the losses of the enterprise. Franchises refer to a situation where big business organisations let a trader to dispose their commodities and utilise their name at a cost and also a share of gains. ( Carysforth, et al, 2000 p 124) The public sector is a constitution of local and central governments. Here the government owns these businesses. The last two decades have had the magnitude of government-business ownership shrinking a great deal. As a matter of fact there are very few kinds that can be cited (For example; the Royal

Change Management Compulsion Or An Option British Airways Business Essay

Change Management Compulsion Or An Option British Airways Business Essay There is a famous saying stated by an unknown author The only thing that is constant is change (Berman, 2007). With the current changing customer requirements and external environment necessities, organisations which behave as closed systems and do not constantly change themselves to fit the market requirements and customer demands will fail in the long term (Harigopal, 2006). Organisational change is an ongoing process which brings the systems and procedures of the organisation in line with the factors prevailing in the external and internal environment of the organisation (Nemetz and Fry, 1998). As business management gurus argue, external forces of change require not only adaptive, flexible organisations and new management approaches but also competent managers able to adopt to changing times and to manage organisational change (Beckhard and Harris, 1987). It is essential to understand how organisations in the real world implement and deal with organisational change. One such organisation which has implemented various change methodologies in the past few years in response to the changing business environment is British Airways. British Airways is the UKs flag carrier and one of the largest airlines in the world. Like many large organisations, the airline has had to change its strategy, technology, structure and culture in order to achieve competitive advantage in todays rapidly changing global business world. 1.2 Aims Objectives of Research The main objective and strategic aim of this study is to explore the role and significance of Change Management in this era of globalization and changing market needs by taking the case study of British Airways in specific. Research Question- The primary research question of this research study is: To explore the extent to which change management is necessary for a firm to achieve sustainable competitive advantage? Additionally, the secondary research question is to examine the change management initiatives previously taken by British Airways to attain competitive advantage and profitability. 1.3 Literature Review This chapter will highlight the various aspects of change management. It will use academic research to understand the concept of change management by looking at its definition and determining the various approaches of change management. It will then describe the framework for change and various change management initiatives taken by organisations. The various change models will also be listed and analysed and the organisational background of British Airways will be provided along with a SWOT analysis of the organisation. 1.4 Methodology This chapter will determine the methodology used to conduct this research and the reasons for various data collection methods chosen. It will also look into the philosophical aspects of the research study. 1.5 Research Findings and Discussion During this chapter the researcher has analysed the findings and compared these with the literature review and methodology to establish the extent to which change management is necessary for an organisation to sustain competitive advantage and the role and significance of Change Management initiatives taken by British Airways to attain profitability. 1.6 Conclusion The last chapter is the Recommendations and Conclusion chapter. This chapter will list the recommendations generated from the research study findings while also bringing to light the limitations of the research study. The references used and the research related appendices will then be presented at the end of the research study. CHAPTER 2 Literature Review This chapter will review the existing literature on change management. It is important to understand current research on the subject area, to enable the reader to understand the nature of the existing knowledge of the subject (Denscombe 1998, p.15). Specifically, this literature review will focus on the following issues; Firstly, it will determine the definition of change and list the various types from the typology of change. Secondly it will describe the framework for the change process, generic model of change and the various change management diagnostic models are discussed. Thirdly the importance of communication in Change Management is explained. Fourthly the SWOT analysis is also described along with the various change initiatives taken by organisations in the aviation industry. 2.1 Typology of Change Change in academics is defined as the substitution or succession of one thing in place of another. As per research studies conducted, it is identified that the patterns of change repeats and is recurring in every industry. These patterns of change constitute of incremental and radical changes. The increasing frequency of these patterns of change in various industries over the past couple of decades has necessitated for organisations to predict the pattern of changes in their external industry environment so that they are better equipped with the resources and capabilities required to embark upon change and maintain their competitive advantage. A typology of change was developed by Nadler and Tushman to outline the various abilities of organisations to predict the patterns of change in the external industry environment. They have divided the ability to predict changes into two types of proactive and reactive while listing the scope of change as being transformational or incremental in nature. The typology of change is created by Nadler and Tushman by developing a matrix of the type and scope of change. They have differentiated the change strategy among organisations into four types of fine tuning, adaptation, re-orientation and re-creation. These strategies have been described in the following paragraphs (Hayes, 2007 and Chaffey, 2006). The first two changes of fine tuning and adaptation in organisations which occur are incremental changes. Fine tuning is the change process where organisations are proactive and will try to fill in the inefficiencies and gaps internal to the company when compared to the changing external environments which act as reducing agents to the effective performance of the business processes of the organisation. Adaptation is a reactive change process where the organisations have to make changes to their internal processes after they have felt a threat in their competitive position due to the changes made in the organisation. These changes are limited and do not affect the core functions or business processes of the organisation but are targeted towards reducing or removing the threats from the external environment and competition in an effective manner (Cook, Macaulay Coldicott, 2004). The two changes although occur for a long duration, are only basic changes and do not impact the fundament al aspects in which the organisations operations work (Hayes, 2007). The change processes of re-orientation and re-creation are both transformational in nature since they impact the fundamental operations of change. They occur when the need for change is vital to survive (Poole Van de Ven, 2004). The re-orientation change process in organisations basically requires organisations to change or re-define their existing corporate or business strategy (Chaffey, 2006 and Hayes, 2007). This change is conducted for two reasons. The first is to pro-actively prepare the organisation for the future changing external environment or to change the external environment itself by innovation such that the core competency of the organisation is increased over its competitors (Hayes, 2007 Potter, 2004). In Re-orientation, since there is no external threat to the organisation and it is being pro-active, it is difficult for the employee workforce to understand the need for such a drastic radical change. This change process requires the management of the organisation to create a sense of urgency and a necessity for change among the organisational employees so that the change process can be enforced. Otherwise it is difficult for organisations to implement this change. The last type of change process is Re-creation. This is a forced change and is transformational in nature. This type of change is implemented by organisations when they feel they need to change their core operations in order to sustain in the changed external environment. In most scenarios, the success of these re-creation changes can determine the survival of the organisation. These changes however are high risk changes since the organisations do not plan these changes ahead and do not, in most scenarios, have the required time and resources for their successful implementation. The change impact is mostly lower than expected for many reasons such as low involvement and motivation among employees, inadequate readiness in management etc. This change if not tackled effectively can lead to employee resistance and de-motivations (Chaffey, 2006 and Hayes, 2007). 2.2 Framework of Change The framework of change as developed by Lewin (1951) constitutes of the same three steps in all change processes. These steps are unfreeze, change and refreeze. Unfreeze is where the organisation tries to create an urgency for change so that the employees and the management are ready for change. Change, as the name indicates, is the second stage where the change occurs. Freeze is the final stage where the change made is now ensured to become part of the organisation. As per the framework, every change process has a higher level of uncertainty leading to resistance among employees. However, certain techniques can be adopted in order to avoid this resistance. One of these techniques is to introduce additional steps such as identifying the future state prior to implementing the framework of change (Weick Quinn, 1999). There have been many new models which have evolved in the past few years which have tried to add more steps or make modifications to this model. One of them is the generi c model of change created by (Hayes and Hyde, 1998) however, the general concept and baseline in all these change models is still the same. The generic model of change signifies the change process to be continuous in nature. It states that the change results of one process act as the triggering factor for some new required changes. Change process begins by determining the internal inefficiencies and improper capabilities of the internal organisation and the external environment in the industry the organisation operates in and using this gathered information to develop the new organisations strategy. This new strategy will now automatically implement the new anticipated change in the organisation (Johnson, Scholes Whittington, 2008). The ability to determine the correct strategy is the most crucial step in any change process since an incorrect change strategy can also be implemented successfully however it will not deliver the same benefits and fill in the required market inefficiencies as required and the overall change process can in turn be a failure (Buttrick, 2005). After looking at the above studies, the change process is modified as below. The initial aspect of the change process is now moved to identifying the resources required to implement the change process and the various techniques which can be used further to begin unfreezing the organisation. While this is being done, the organisations inefficiencies and gaps with the external environment are determined in order to develop the change strategy. This change strategy is designed that such that it achieves the anticipated future state of the organisation and reviewed to make any modification such that it is aligned towards realising the future state. The next step is to create a change plan before directly implementing the change. This change plan is implemented on a step by step basis and upon completion of each step, it is reviewed to determine if it is still aligned or the future state and rectify any identified deviations. Once this is completed and the future state is realised by the organisation, new techniques in order to merge this change with the organisations culture will be implemented. This is when the final stage of refreezing appears and the success or failure of the change process and the involved resources is determined. It is also used to collect feedback of the change process and reward the resources who had performed effectively towards achieving the future state (Jones, 2008). This generic model of change created by Hayes Hyde in 1998 and the change framework developed by Lewin in 1951 are both effective models which can used to implement change. However, both these models ignore one crucial aspect of change management which plays a vital role in the success of any change event, people management. Without effective people management, it is impossible to implement change in any organisation successfully. 2.3 Change Management Models There are various models which can be used to diagnose the success of a change event or the need for a change event. These models reduce the overall change process into a few key factors which need to be taken into consideration while implementing the change process in any organisation. They allow the management to determine the key aspects from both the process and the people perspective which need to be looked into. This in-turn increases the ability of change managers firstly to implement the change process successfully and secondly to evaluate its success and take necessary actions (Hayes, 2007). One of these models is the McKinsey 7S model. This model divides the change process diagnosis into seven elements which can be used to determine the existing internal environment status in a firm. These seven elements are strategy, structure, systems, staff, style, shared values and skills. The internal organisational efficiency of an organisation is determined successfully using this model and its results can be used to develop the internal strategy of the organisation (Saunders, 2007). This model can be used to develop change initiative programmes in organisations and develop a strategy which will achieve the overall internal fit in the firm however, it cannot be used to determine a fit between the internal capabilities of the organisation and the external environment in which it operates leading to a necessity for another model which takes this into consideration (Burke Litwin, 1992). The model which takes this into consideration is The Burke-Litwin causal model of organisational performance and change. This model is used for many purposes such as to identify the type of change implemented, whether it is incremental step-by-step change or a radical change or to determine the overall effect of using change management procedures in organisations while determining the performance of these management initiatives. This model constitutes of various elements which are crucial for a change process. The input element is the organisational performance and the output element is the individual and organisational performance. The other factors in the model are the through-put of the model. The models elements are further divided into two types of factors. The five factors of external environment, leadership, mission and strategy, organisational culture and the individual and organisational performance are the transformational factors while the remaining factors are the increme ntal factors. They are distinguished so based on the ability of the factors to influence the type of change. One of the successful applications of this model was to determine the success and performance on the change processes implemented in British Airways in the year 1983 (Burke Litwin, 1992). (Burke Litwin, 1992). This model will again be used in this study to determine the performance and effectiveness of the change management strategies used in British Airways in the past year. 2.4 Communication in Change Management: One of the key aspects of any change process in terms of people management is communication. If the communication is ineffective or missing, then the employee resistance to embrace the change only increases further. The communication strategies used by various organisations are different and this determines the amount of information shared by them with their employee workforce. Another factor which affects this amount of information shared with the employees is the managements personal views and understanding on the subject of change management and importance of communication. The Spray and Pray strategy used by management is where the information provided to employees is not considered or evaluated by the management to determine if it is actually relevant to them or not. This sort of communication can allow the vital and relevant information to be buried under irrelevant and not so vital information and reduce the overall necessary impact of communication on the employees. The manag ement which chooses to share the relevant information with their employees and also provides them with the various benefits of the change implemented to these employees use the communication strategy of Tell and Sell. In this scenario, the communication effectiveness is higher than the previous strategy and the amount of the information shared is lower. One of the most effective communication strategies which can be adopted by management in any change organisation is the Underscore and explore strategy where the information is provided to employee workforce in exact reference to the change situation and the various inputs provided by the management are considered at the same time. This ensures that the employees feel to be a part of the change being implemented and reduce their overall employee resistance. In the other two communication strategies of Identify and reply and withhold and uphold, the information shared with the employees is not adequate and the management withholds som e crucial elements of information which can increase the employee resistance to accept change. The below diagram represents the various communication strategies in accordance with the communication effectiveness and the amount of information shared by the management (Clampitt, DeKoch and Cashman, 2000). Figure-2 : Communication Strategy Continuum   (Clampitt, DeKoch and Cashman, 2000) 2.5 SWOT Analysis To determine the inner fit of an organisation with an external environment, one of the techniques which have proven successful on numerous occasions is the SWOT analysis. This SWOT analysis is divided into two segments, the internal factors segment which constitutes of the strengths and the weaknesses of the organisation and the external factors segment which constitutes of the opportunities and threats presented by the external environment in reference to the organisation. The role of strengths and opportunities is to determine the internal capabilities and inefficiencies of the business processes and the employee talent of the organisation. The role of opportunities and threats is to determine the external environment that the organisation is functioning in and find ways in which it can either support or act as a danger to the organisations functions. Once these are determined, it is then determined how the internal strengths of the organisation can be used to benefit from the exte rnal opportunities of the industry environment. The weaknesses are also looked into to determine if there is a possibility to change into a threat and how this movement can be avoided. The threats are looked at from the perspective of changing them into opportunities or reducing their possible impact on the organisation. The weaknesses are also worked upon in a similar way, to reduce their impacts and risks to the organisation or to remove them altogether by changing them into opportunities (Briggs, 2001). 2.6 Change Management in Organisations in the Aviation Industry: Some of the change initiatives which have been experienced by organisations in the Aviation industry are the privatisation of companies such as Qantas airlines. This happened at the same time as most industries in various nations were moving towards privatisation and de-regulation while moving away from the shadows of the public sector. The change process was rapid and radical in nature. Another change in the aviation industry which was not just restricted to one organisation was the agreement of global alliances among the various international and domestic airlines in the global market. This changed the structure and process of operations in the Aviation industry while also bringing in harmony the use of labour and the strategies adopted by management across various airlines in the industry (Fairbrother, 2002). Another change initiative which was related across airline companies was the use of part time and casual employees so that they can benefit from using them when required and paying them only for the number of hours employed. This has allowed them to reduce the overall labour costs however, in most airline companies; most of the part time employees did work overtime just as much as full time employees leading to no change in the overall labour costs (Dawson, 2003). The privatisation of the airlines is not just limited to Qantas airlines but has increased further to British Airways, Lufthansa, Air France, KLM etc (Delfmann, 2005). An additional change management initiative is the collaborative effects among most airline companies to ensure a reduction in the carbon footprint overall and thus support the climate change initiatives along with the various other industries and governments (Bishop Grayling, 2003). Steve this is the other introduction to the research study I written, but Im unsure if this is perhaps too current as it relates to the current global economic recession. Could you advise if it is maybe best to delete the information I have highlighted in bold and continue with the original introduction I have written on page 3. Introduction to the research study There is a famous saying stated by an unknown author The only think that is constant is change (Berman, 2007). With the current changing customer requirements and external environment necessities, organisations which behave as the closed systems that do not constantly change themselves to fit the market requirements and customer demands will fail in the longer terms (Harigopal, 2006). The punctuated paradigms irregularities frequency has increased over the past decade implying that the change in organisations is not as fast or as paced as the change in external environments which in-turn is increasing the gaps between the customer requirements and products/services provided by organisations (Hayes, 2007). This has made it crucial to study the significance of change management internally in organisations so that this building gap can be reduced and organisations can benefit from these constant changes through adapting their culture. The recent economic recession and credit crunch with a decreasing GDP rate across the United Kingdom in 2008-09 (Statistics, 2009) has forced organisations to find new ways to reduce costs for the products and services generated by them so that they can survive in this difficult climate. Organisations responses to these necessary changes being forced upon them is being tackled using various techniques such as economies of scale (Grant, 2005), internal re-structuring and creating new operational processes which will reduce their operational and maintenance costs. This in-turn has led to need for effective change management in such organisations so that the changes implemented are widely accepted by the workforce which in-turn ensures that success from the implemented change techniques are achieved (Cameron Green, 2008). One such organisation which has implemented various change methodologies in the past few years in response to the changing industry environment is British Airways. The organisation like many others has undergone some changes in their strategy, technology, structure and cultural aspects in order to survive in the changing environment and maintain the organisations core competency. British Airways will be used as a case study in this research study in order to achieve the aims and objectives of the research study. Many literatures focus on change management in organisations enforced due to various reasons and either at the beginning or at the end of the change management procedures being implemented. However, most of these researches have not taken into consideration the change management forced by external environments due to an economic recession especially since this scenario is not very common or recurring constantly. This research will contribute to the existing literature by using economic recession as one of the external factors leading to implementing changes in the airline industry. This research study will attempt to act as a guide to further researches who wish to identify the necessity for effective change management in the airline industry organisation especially when the external contributing factor is the economic recession. Sharon, This is a very well written first draft of your dissertation. I think there are some very good elements but there are also quite long passages where there are no references cited. I think if you do a little more reading and address these gaps then you will have the basis of a very good literature review. Steve

Cis11 Assessment 1

Safety Styles Pty Ltd Financial Information Ratios and Financial Data Profitability201020112012 Return on assets30. 2%31. 46%31. 48% Return on equity32. 62%34. 02%34. 07% Gross profit margin57. 55%57. 51%57. 93% Net profit margin16. 04%13. 90%14. 35% Efficiency Asset turnover (times)1. 882. 262. 19 Inventory turnover (days)95. 6290. 5595. 10 Accounts receivable turnover (days)50. 3742. 6645. 16 Liquidity Current ratio4. 124. 13. 91 Quick asset ratio2. 462. 452. 21 Capital Structure Gearing ratio2. 372. 62. 54 Safety Styles Pty Ltd Application Decision It would be my recommendation to grant Safety Styles their application for additional finance. Profitability: Safety Styles Pty Ltd has demonstrated in is able to generate and increase its profits as demonstrated through the healthy Gross and Net Profit Margins. It should be noted during this three year period Safety Styles Pty Ltd has maintained and increased the Gross Profit margin, Safety Styles Pty Ltd has also maintained a healthy Net Profit Margin.Although dropping slightly the second year they have managed to improve this in their third year increasing their overall profitability Safety Styles has also increased both its Return on Assets and Return on Equity, this demonstrates the ability of the company to efficiently make use of its assets and equity which ultimately reduces requirements for more funding and reduces cost making better use of what they currently have. Efficiency: Safety Styles Pty Ltd appears on average over the last three years to be improving its efficiency to make better use of their assets and turning over their inventory.Safety should also focus on this area and strive to improve their efficiency. Whilst the values may seem quiet higher their total sales amount has raised which may not be taken into account with averages. Safety Styles may need to revisit their inventory strategy as their turn over period is quite high; this would be a benefit for them in the long term by having quicke r access to cash for investment in other assets. They should also pay attention to their Accounts Receivable Turnover and aim to reduce this. Liquidity:Whilst Safety Styles Current ratio and Quick asset ratio is declined they are both still very healthy numbers. Safety Styles non-current assets have been increasing annually. They may want to pay attention to reducing their inventory levels and accounts receivable to give them more cash and the opportunity to invest into non-current assets or reduce their liabilities as they currently has a low level of cash compared to inventory and accounts receivable. This will make the company more â€Å"liquid† in the short term.Safety Styles also has a very healthy quick asset ratio compared to the industry standard of 2. It should be noted that Safety Styles currently do not have a high level of liabilities and seem to be maintaining their levels of dent in relation to their assets Capital Structure: Safety Styles currently have a very low gearing ratio and are using retained earnings for most of their financing. External sources of financing will be a benefit to Safety Styles to help them grow and invest in additional non-current assets. Executive SummarySafety Styles appear to be utilizing their assets and equity very well currently to help produce their profit and maintain both healthy gross and net profit. If this is maintained they should be able to repay their long term liabilities and possibly improve their current asset liquidity. ? Appendix Formulas †¢Return on Assets = (Net profit before interest and taxation / Average total assets) x 100 †¢Return on Equity = (Net profit after tax and preference dividends / average ordinary shareholder’s funds) x 100 †¢Gross Profit Margin = (Gross profit / sales) x 100 Net Profit Margin = (Net profit before interest and taxation / sales) x 100 †¢Asset Turnover Ratio = ( Sales / Average Total Assets) †¢Inventory Turnover = (Average inventor y / cost of sales) x 365 †¢Accounts Receivable Turnover = (Average accounts receivable / credit sales) x 365 †¢Current Ratio = (Current assets / current liabilities) †¢Quick Asset Ratio = (Current assets (excluding Inventory and prepayments) / current liabilities) †¢Gearing Ratio = (Long-term liabilities / share capital + reserves + long-term liabilities) x 100 Ratio definitions †¢Return on Assets The Return on Assets (ROA) demonstrates how effectively a company is using its assets to generate profit. The higher the ROA the better as the company is earning more off less investment †¢Return on Equity oThe Return on Equity (ROE) demonstrates the amount of net profit generated as a percentage of the shareholders equity. A higher ROE is better as it displays how much profit is generated based on shareholder investment. †¢Gross Profit Margin oThe Gross Profit Margin (GPM) is used to display the percentage difference between sales and the cost of sales b efore any other costs are factored in.A higher GPM is better as the company is making a higher profit off its sales †¢Net Profit Margin oThe Net Profit Margin (NPM) is used to display the net profit as a percentage of the revenue generated. A higher NPM is better as it indicates a more profitable company and how effective a company is at controlling its costs †¢Asset Turnover Ratio oThe Asset turnover Ratio (ATR) displays how well a business can use its assets in generating sales or revenue. A higher ATR is better as it demonstrates the amount of dollars generated by one dollar of the company's assets †¢Inventory Turnover The Inventory Turnover formula display how often the company sells and replaces its inventory. A low Inventory turnover is preferred as this means cash is not being held in inventory, is producing more revenue and has access to an ongoing source of cash †¢Accounts Receivable Turnover oThe Accounts Receivable turnover displays the average settlem ent period (days) credit purchased are settled by the customer. A shorter average settlement period is preferred as this means funds are not tied up and can be †¢Current Ratio This ratio is compares a company’s current assets and current liabilities to measure the liquidity. A higher ratio is preferred as it generally means the business can meet their commitments †¢Quick Asset Ratio oThe Quick Asset Ratio (QAR) also known as the â€Å"Acid Test Ratio† measures if a company can meet its short term liabilities with its current assets less its inventory as you can’t always rely on inventory to be converted into cash quickly. A higher ratio means the company is in a better position †¢Gearing Ratio The Gearing Ratio (GR) measures how much capital is financed by long term finance. A high gearing ratio means a company will depend of long term loans, a low gearing ratio displays higher reliance on financing through equity investment. Typically a high leve l of gearing means a higher level of risk for the company. Ratio Calculations †¢Return on Assets o2010 – (647 / ((2122 + 2163) /2)) x 100 o2011 – (685 / ((2233 + 2122) /2)) x 100 o2012 – (712 / ((2291 + 2233) /2)) x 100 †¢Return on Equity o2010 – (585 / ((1774 + 1813) /2)) x 100 2011 – (619 / ((1865 + 1774) /2)) x 100 o2012 – (644 / ((1916 + 1865) /2)) x 100 †¢Gross Profit Margin o2010 – (2321 / 4033) x 100 o2011 – (2834 / 4928) x 100 o2012 – (2875 / 4963) x 100 †¢Net Profit Margin o2010 – (647 / 4033) x 100 o2011 – (685 / 4928) x 100 o2012 – (712 / 4963) x 100 †¢Asset Turnover Ratio o2010 – (4033 / ((2122 + 2163) / 2)) o2011 – (4928 / ((2233 + 2122) / 2)) o2012 – (4963 / ((2291 + 2233) / 2)) †¢Inventory Turnover o2010 – (((((216 + 175) + (223 + 283)) / 2) / 1712) x 365) o2011 – (((((235 + 298) + (223 + 283)) / 2) / 2094) X 365) 2012 â €“ (((((235 + 298) + (230 + 325)) / 2) / 2088) X 365) †¢Accounts Receivable Turnover o2010 – ((((561 + 552) / 2) / 4033) x 365) o2011 – ((((561 + 591) / 2) / 4928) x 365) o2012 – ((((637 + 591) / 2) / 4963) x 365) †¢Current Ratio o2010 – (1257 / 305) o2011 – (1324 / 323) o2012 – (1272 / 325) †¢Quick Asset Ratio o2010 – (((1257 – (223 + 283)) / 305) o2011 – (((1324 – (235 + 298)) / 323) o2012 – (((1272 – (230 + 325)) / 325) †¢Gearing Ratio o2010 – (((43 / (70 + 1704 + 43)) x 100) o2011 – (((45 / (70 + 1795 + 45)) x 100) o2012 – (((50 / (70 + 1846+ 50)) x 100)

Management in Libraries Essay

Economic threat to the libraries by escalation of books and journals, fewer resources, constant growth changes in technology and user high expectation have shown that management is the critical factor that determines efficiency and effectiveness of all types of libraries. Thus managers are expected to play different functions in order to be effective and efficient. In this assignment different functions and roles played by managers in different libraries are discussed showing how they improve efficiency and effectiveness and different laws of library management are discussed. DEFINITION OF TERMS Management Effectiveness defined by Bateman, T is â€Å"doing things right†. This means that the manager has the responsibility for selecting the right goals and appropriate means to achieving it. Efficiency is measuring the cost of attaining a given goal, concerned about how resources such as money, time, equipment, personnel obtain given goals. Thus a manager needs to be effective and efficient in order to achieve the goals of the library. MAIN DISCUSSION Library management comprise more than just making changes, it involves managing ongoing operations in the optimal fashion for your institution in the context of its goals, other department’s activities and patrons needs. Thus we realize that different libraries may require managerial different managerial skills in order to perform their duties effectively. Managers help in giving direction to the library showing where it is going. Library management involves planning, organizing, leading and controlling. Planning is about systematical making decisions about the library goals. In planning the manager defines the objectives the objectives of the library, stating the purpose of its existence, defining the user community and their information needs. This is important as it facilitates efficiency. It helps in understanding the library stakeholders. A public library is an omnibus organization. It carters for everyone in the community thus the need for every user must be known and fulfilled. A public library serves a diverse community of adults, children and teens thus a manager has to plan on resources to be acquired. A manager can plan on different resources that can be acquired ranging from entertainment, fiction, nonfiction for general research, children story books because there are no specific users, the resources must benefit everyone in the society. A manager also organize and coordinate human, financial , physical, informational and other resources needed to achieve library goals. The manager establishes the activity authority relationship of the library. The activities necessary to achieve the objectives are then grouped into working divisions, departments and grouped together. In an academic library a manager can group together activities like accession and cataloguing The manager has to establish standards for performance; this will make sure that the library is performing in such a way as to arrive at its destination. According to Griffin â€Å"controlling helps to ensure effective and efficiency needed for successful management† As a leader the manager is responsible for staffing which is concerned with allocating prospective employees to fulfill the jobs created by organizing process. It involves the process of reviewing the credentials of the candidates of the jobs and trying to match the job demand with the application s abilities keeping each employee qualified. It also involves the development and implementation of a system for appraising performance and providing feedback for performance improvement. In a special library where the main target is a specific audience, for example ZIMRA library its serves the ZIMRA staff and mainly the manager have to recruit someone who posses research skills because mainly it deals with research for its company. The manager is responsible for choosing the right candidate, who knows how to research, even on the internet where there is information overload the candidate must be able to extract relevant information using the right search engine, mainly in a special library every one depend on the information provided by the librarian. The manager is also responsible for keeping the librarian qualified for the job by providing ongoing training since the librarianship profession is dynamic thus this will improve effectiveness and efficiency of libraries. A manager also gives s direction that will help the library in achieving its goals. Directing builds a climate, provides leadership and arranges the opportunity for motivation this is further explained by Rachel’s laws of library management, it says save time of your staff. This means that the staff must be given support they need for them to achieve goals effectively and efficiently this include providing training for them where it is needed. Each boss must plan and oversee the wok of each of his or her subordinates. In an academic library there are different services offered for example cataloguing and accession section can be directed by one manager then the E- resource section can be under another manager e- journals purchased, subscriptions etc. This will ease the load as one manager is focusing on a specific service thus he spend more time trying to improve the services and working with his subordinates and improves efficiency in the library. As a manager attempts to perform the managerial job effectively and efficiently there is a need to ‘wear different hats’ in interaction with employees. Managers interacts with others besides subordinates they work with other peer level managers in some other departments and outside contacts (suppliers and clients). Thus a manager is building contacts through which to gather information. Rachel agrees with this in the laws of management which says library resources are for use. A library manager is expected to connect resources with the user achieving the library goals. Through the liaison role a manager is able to network with other libraries. Academic libraries can practice resource sharing if there are shortages of material in specific departments the two libraries can share the available resources to both libraries and this will give the patrons a wide variety of information thus fulfilling their needs, this will improve efficiency. The manager is exposed to new ideas or methods that may improve the work unit operations. The manager initiates activities that will allow and encourage the work unit to use the idea most advantageously. Rachel’s law of management says that a library is a growing organism. A manager needs to open to change and help the library evolve to meet the needs of patrons. We can look at public library, the introduction of automation the staff may resist change having fear of losing their jobs thus a manager is responsible for encouraging and motivating the staff showing them the advantages of automating the library services and how it can reduce their workload, providing training for them thus the duties are performed effectively and efficiently satisfying the needs of different patrons. An effective manager is an active leader who creates a positive work environment in which the organization and its employees have the opportunity and incentive to achieve high performance (†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. ) In order to perform duties effectively and efficiently Rachel says that â€Å"every task its doer†. The manager encourages ownership and responsibility to each staff member. Every staff member his/ her work, the manager must know people’s skills and strength and staff can then be deployed according to their abilities then the duties can be done perfectly improving effectiveness and efficiency in a library. Even though the staff is divided according to their abilities it is the duty of a manager to create a spirit oneness and togetherness amongst the subordinates. They should work as a team to achieve the library goals; Bavakuty M (2000) agrees that libraries can become effective and efficient by â€Å"strong top management support, a system approach and strategic planning, a customer focus, an emphasis on employee team work, empowerment training, the use of measurement and analysis technique and commitment to continuous improvement†. The manager seeks and receives wide variety of special information to develop through the understanding of the library and the environment, emerges as the nerve centre about the library. The manager monitors internal and external events, ideas, trends and analysis. The manager then uses the information to detect changes, problems and opportunities and to construct decision making scenario. The manager as the disseminator transmits information from other employees to other members of the library. The manager can bring external information received into the organization and facilitate internal flow of information. Thus we realize that management is the heart of any type of library and facilitate efficiency and effectiveness. BIBLIOGRAPHY Bavakutty, M (2000). Management of libraries In the 21st Century. Ess Ess Publication. India. Griffin, R. (1987). Management 2nd editition. Maffin Co Mohant, T. C. (2008). Research Methodology in Library Science. alpha Publishers India. Plunket, R. (1983). Introduction to Management. Kent Publication. United States of Amenrica.